بررسی تأثیر تصویر شناختی و احساسی در وفاداری با توجه به نقش میانجی رضایت گردشگران (مطالعهٔ موردی: کلیهٔ گردشگران هتل‌های شهر ساری)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

10.22034/jtd.2022.256192.2169

چکیده

صنعت گردشگری امروزه به اصلی‌ترین رکن اقتصادی و خدماتی جهان تبدیل ‌شده است، به‌نحوی ‌که بسیاری از کارشناسان توسعه از این صنعت به‌منزلهٔ محور توسعهٔ پایدار یاد می‌کنند. با توجه به این رویکرد مقالهٔ حاضر که ایجاد تصویر مناسب از منطقهٔ گردشگری در ذهن گردشگر امکان بازدید مجدد او را از آن منطقه بیشتر می‌کند و می‌تواند مدیران این صنعت را در رسیدن به اهداف اقتصادی خود در زمینهٔ جذب گردشگر یاری کند، هدف اصلی این مقاله بررسی تأثیر تصویر شناختی و احساسی در وفاداری با توجه به نقش میانجی رضایت کلیهٔ گردشگران هتل‌های شهر ساری بوده است. در روش گردآوری داده‌ها، اجرای پرسش‌نامه بر روی 374 نفر از افرادی که به هتل‌های شهر ساری آمده بودند و نمونه‌گیری به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انجام شده است. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با استفاده از تکنیک مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری و نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و LISREL تحلیل ‌شده‌اند. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده حاکی از آن است که تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بین تصویر شناختی و تصویر احساسی و رضایت و وفاداری گردشگران وجود دارد. ازاین‌رو، اهمیت دادن و سرمایه‌گذاری بر روی عواملی که می‌توانند در ایجاد تصاویر مناسب از مناطق گردشگری در ذهن گردشگر نقش بسزایی داشته باشند ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect Of Cognitive And Emotional Image On Loyalty According To The Mediating Role Of Tourist Satisfaction

نویسنده [English]

  • Abbas Ahmadi
Assistant Professor of Department of Management, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The tourism industry has become one of the main economic and service pillars of the world. As many development experts refer to this industry as the axis of sustainable development. This article with the approach that creating a proper image of the tourist area in the mind of the tourist increases the possibility of his re-visiting that area and can help the managers of this industry in achieving their economic goals in attracting tourists. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive and emotional imagery on loyalty with respect to the mediating role of satisfaction of all hotel tourists in Sari. The questionnaire was administered to 374 people who had come to hotels in Sari and sampling was done by available sampling method. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling technique and SPSS and LISREL software. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant effect between the cognitive image and the emotional image and the satisfaction and loyalty of tourists. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention and invest in factors that can play an important role in creating appropriate images of tourist areas in the mind of the tourist.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cognitive and emotional image
  • loyalty
  • tourist satisfaction
امیری عقدائی، سید فتح‌اللّه، رضایی دولت‌آبادی، حسین، انصاری، آذرنوش و العجی، حسا (1395). نقش میانجی رضایت در تأثیر تصویر مقصد بر توسعۀ گردشگری مذهبی. فصلنامهٔ چشم‌انداز مدیریت بازرگانی، ۱۵(۲۷)، 107-124. https://jbmp.sbu.ac.ir/article_96411.html
پناهی، حسین، بهبودی، داوود، ذوالقدر، حمید و ذوالقدر، علی (1392). بررسی تأثیر کیفیت خدمات بر رضایت گردشگران (موردشناسی: گنبد سلطانیه). فصلنامهٔ جغرافیا و آمایش شهری منطقه‌ای، ۵(۱۵)، 101-116. https://doi.org/10.22111/gaij.2015.2074
درزیان عزیزی، عبدالهادی، فعلی، راضیه، رحیمی، فرج‌اللّه و محمودی، ادریس (1394). تأثیر عوامل شناختی و احساسی بر وفاداری گردشگران به مقصد گردشگری. فصلنامهٔ علمی - پژوهشی تحقیقات بازاریابی نوین، ۶(۲۱)، 37-54. https://doi.org/10.22108/NMRJ.2016.20665
زنگنه، یعقوب و شمس‌اللّه‌زاده، یاسر (1391). بررسی و تحلیل نقش تصویر مقصد در توسعهٔ صنعت، گردشگری (مطالعهٔ موردی: کلان‌شهر تبریز). نشریهٔ علمی - پژوهشی جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی، ۱۶(۴۱)، ۱۵۳-۱۶۸. https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20140602135816-9918-41.pdf
شیری، اردشیر، دهقانی سلطانی، مهدی، سلطانی بناوندی، اعظم و فارسی‌زاده، حسین (1394). تأثیر کار هیجانی بر رضایت مشتری در صنعت هتل‌داری: نقش میانجی رضایت کارکنان. فصلنامهٔ مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، ۱۰(۳۱)، 19-39. ttps://tms.atu.ac.ir/article_3894.html
غفاری، محمد، رضایی دولت‌آبادی، حسین و دهقانی اناری، فرشید (1393). تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر وفاداری گردشگران به مقاصد گردشگری (موردمطالعه: گردشگران خارجی سفرکرده به شهر اصفهان). مدیریت فرهنگ‌ سازمانی، ۲۱(۳)، 555-568. https://doi.org/10.22059/jomc.2014.51523
قضاریان، گریگور (1387). انگارهٔ مردم ایروان از ایران به‌عنوان مقصد گردشگری. پایان‌نامهٔ کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی تهران.
کاظمی، مهدی (1386). مدیریت گردشگری. تهران: انتشارات سمت.
کاظمی، مهدی (1387). تحلیل ادراک شهروندان زاهدانی در توسعهٔ گردشگری چابهار. فصلنامهٔ جغرافیا توسعه، ۶(۱۲)، ۸۱-۱۰۰.
کروبی، مهدی، ابراهیمی، مهدی و قاسم‌پور، فائزه (1393). بررسی رابطۀ میان رضایت مشتری و وفاداری در صنعت هتل‌داری (مطالعۀ موردی: هتل‌های 4 و 5 ستارۀ شهر شیراز). گردشگری شهری، ۱(۱)، 97-112. https://doi.org/10.22059/jut.2014
همتی، رضا و زهرانی، داود (1393). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر رضامندی و وفاداری گردشگران خارجی به اصفهان به‌مثابه برند گردشگری. مجلهٔ برنامه‌ریزی و توسعهٔ گردشگری، ۳(۱۰)، 182-204.  https://doi.org/10.22059/JUT.2014.53158
Alegre, J., & Jaome, G. (2010). Tourist satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Annals of Tourism Reaserch, 37(1), 52-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.07.001
Allameh, S. M., Pool, J. K., Jaberi, A., Salehzadeh, R., & Asadi, H. (2015). Factors influencing sport tourists’ revisit intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 27(2), 191-207. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-12-2013-0159Corpus ID: 143148470
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1997). The measurement and antecedence of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organizational. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Al-Msallam, S., & Alhaddad, A. (2016). Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in the Hotel Industry: the Mediating Role of Relationship Marketing (PLS Approach). Quest Journals. Journal of Research in Business and Management, 4(5), 32-42. www.questjournals.org
Amiri Aghdaei, S. F., Rezaei Daulatabadi, H., Ansari, Azarnoosh, & Al-Aji, H. (2015). Mediating role of satisfaction in the effect of destination image on the development of religious tourism. Business Management Perspective, 15(27), 107-124, https://jbmp.sbu.ac.ir/article_96411.html [In Persian]
Anderson, R. E., & Srinivasan, S. S. (2003). E-satisfaction and E-loyalty: A contingency Framework. Psychology and Marketing, 20(2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10063
Baloğlu, Ş., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4
Baloglu, S. (2002). Dimensions of customer loyalty: separating friends from well-wishers. Cornell Hoteland Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-8804(02)80008-8
Beerli, A., & Martín, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
Bjerre, M. (2002). Strategic Relationship Marketing. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24813-2
Chen, J. S., & Uysal, M. (2002). Market positioning analysis: A hybrid approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4), 987–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00003-8
Chen, C. F., & Phou, S. (2013). A closer look at destination: Image, personality relationship and loyalty. Tourism Management, 36(0), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.015
Chew, T. E. Y., & Jahari, A. S. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: a case of post disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008
Chiu,W., Zeng, S., & Cheng, P. S. T. (2016). The influence of destination image and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty: a case study of Chinese tourists in Korea. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(2) 223-234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2015-0080
Consoli, D. (2010). A New Concept of Marketing: The Emotional Marketing, BRAND. Broad Research in Accounting, Negotiation, and Distribution, 1(1), 52-59. http://citec.repec.org/rss/brajournlv_1_y_2010_i_1_p_52-59.xml
Cronin, J., Brady, M., & Hult, G. T. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environment. Journal of Retailing, 76(2), 193-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2
Darzian Azizi, A. H., Feli, R.; Rahimi, F., & Mahmoudi, I. (2014). The effect of cognitive and emotional factors on the loyalty of tourists to a tourist destination. Scientific-Research Quarterly New Marketing Research, 6(21). 37-54. https://doi.org/10.22108/NMRJ.2016.20665 [In Persian]
Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(3), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100402
Fakaye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image differences between prospective, first-time and repeat visitors to the lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759103000202
Gallarza, M. G., Saura, I. G., & Garcıa, H. C. (2002). Destination image: Towards a Conceptual Framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 56-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00031-7
Ganesh, J., Arnold, M. J., & Reynolds, K. E. (2000). Understanding the Customer Base of Service Providers: Examination of the Differences Between Switchers and Stayers. Journal of Marketing, 64(3), 65-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.64.3.65.18028
Gartner, W. C. (1993). Image Formation Process, In M. Uysal and D. R. Fesenmaier (Eds.), Communication and Channel Systems in Tourism Marketing (pp. 191–215). NewYork: Haworth Press. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12
Gazzariyan, G. (2008). Yerevan people's perception of Iran as a tourist destination. Master's thesis, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran. [In Persian]
Ghaffari, M., Rezai Dolatabadi, H., & Dehghani Anari, F. (2013). Analysis of factors affecting tourists' loyalty to tourist destinations (case study: foreign tourists traveling to Isfahan). Organizational culture management, 21(3), 555-568. https://doi.org/10.22059/jomc.2014.51523 [In Persian]
Govers, R., Go, F. M., & Kumar, K. (2007). Promoting Tourism Destination Image. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302374.
Hammer, M. (2008). Acquiring and Retaining Customers through Traditional and Relationship Marketing: Case-Study on the Quality Hotel Burke & Wills. Thesis for Bachelor of Business, University of Gavle.
Hanyu, K. (1993). The Affective Meaning of Tokyo: Verbal and Nonverbal Approaches. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(2), 161-172.
Hemti, R., & Zahrani, D. (2014). Investigating factors affecting the satisfaction and loyalty of foreign tourists to Isfahan as a tourism brand. Tourism Development Planning and Development Journal, 3(10), 182-204. https://doi.org/10.22059/JUT.2014.53158 [In Persian]
Hughes, A. (2003). The Customer loyalty solutions; what works (and what does'nt) in customer loyalty programs. Mc Graw-Hill.
Hunt, H. K. (1983). Conceptualization and measurement of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Cambridge, MA: Marketing Science Institute.
Hutchinson, J., Lai, F., & Wang, Y. (2009). Understanding the Relationships of Quality, Value, Equity, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions among Golf Travellers. Tourism Management, 30(2), 298-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.07.010
Jankingthong, W., & Gonejanart, P. (2012). The Relationships of Factors Affecting Post-purchase Behavioral Intentions in Tourism Sector. Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, 12(1), 72-90. https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hasss/issue/archive
Jarrold, W. L. (2004). Towards a theory of affective mind: computationally modeling the generativity of goal appraisal, Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
Jorgensen, B. S., & Stedman, R. C. (2001). Sense of Place as an Attitude: Lakeshore Owners Attitudes towards Their Properties. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0226
Karroubi, M., Ebrahimi, M., & Qasimpour, F. (2013). Investigating the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty in the hotel industry (case study: 4 and 5 star hotels in Shiraz). Urban Tourism, 1(1), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.22059/jut.2014 [In Persian]
Kazemi, M. (2007). Tourism management. Tehran: Samt Publications. [In Persian]
Kazemi, M. (2008). Analyzing the perception of Zahedan citizens in the development of Chabahar tourism. Quarterly Journal of Geography, 6(12), 81-100. https://doi.org/ 10.22111/gdij.2008 [In Persian]
Keller, K. L., Parameswaran, M. G., & Jacob, I. (2011). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India.
Kim, W. G., Jin-Sun, B., & Kim, H. J. (2008). Multidimensional Customer-Based Brand Equity and Its Consequences in Mid Priced Hotels. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 32(2), 235-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348007313265.
Kim, S. S., Lee, J., & Prideaux, B. (2014). Effect of celebrity endorsement on tourists’ perception of corporate image, corporate credibility and corporate loyalty. International Journal of Hospitality, 37, 131-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.11.003
King, C., Chen, N., & Funk, C. D. (2015). Exploring destination image decay: a study of sport tourists’ destination image change after event participation. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 39(1), 3-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012461547
Kozak, M., & Rimmington, M. (2000). Tourist satisfaction with Mallorca, Spain, as an off- season holiday destination. Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), 260-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800308
Lee, J., Graefe, A. R., & Burns, R.C. (2007). Examining the antecedents of destination loyalty in a forest setting. Leisure Sciences, 29(5), 463-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400701544634
Lee, T. H., & Hsu, F. Y. (2013). Examining how attending motivation and satisfaction affects the loyalty for attendees at aboriginal festivals. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), 18-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.867
Liljander, V., & Strandvik, T. (1995). The Nature of Customer Relationships in Services. In Swartz, T. A. Bowen, D. E. & Brown, S. W. (Eds.), Advances in Services Marketing and Management. London: JAI Press: 141-67. https://doi.org/10.1.1.202.5778&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Malär, L., Krohmer, H., Hoyer, W. D., & Nyffenegger, B. (2011). Emotional Brand Attachment and Brand Personality: The Relative Importance of the Actual and the Ideal Self. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.75.4.35.
Moon, K. S., Kim, M., Ko, Y., Connaughton, D. P., & Lee, J. (2011). The influence of consumer’s event quality perception on destination image. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 21(3), 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 09604521111127974
Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63(4_suppl1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252099
Panahi, H., Behbodhi, D., Zulqader, H., & Zulqader, A. (2014). Investigating the effect of service quality on tourists' satisfaction, case study: Soltanieh Dome. Geography and Regional Urban Planning, 5(15), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.22111/gaij.2015.2074 [In Persian]
Park, C. W., MacInnis, D. J., Priester, J., Eisingerich, A. B., & Lacobucci, D. (2010). Brand attachments and brand attitudes strength: Conceptual and empirical differentiation of two critical brand equity drivers. Journal of Marketing, 74(6), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.74.6.1
Patterson, P., & Spreng, R. (1997). Modeling The Relationship Between Perceived Value, Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention In A Business-ToBusiness, Service Context: An Empirical Examination. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 8(5), 414-34. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564239710189835/full/html
Pike, S., & Ryan, C. (2004). Destination Positioning Analysis Through a Comparison of Cognitive, Affective, and Conative Perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504263029
Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2012). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius: The role and influence of destination image, place attachment, personal involvement and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410321.
Radojevic, T., Stanisic, N., & Stanic, N. (2015). Ensuring positive feedback: Factors that influence customer satisfaction in the contemporary hospitality industry. Tourism Management, 51(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.04.002
Rajesh, R. (2013). Impact of Tourist Perceptions, Destination Image and Tourist Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: A Conceptual Model. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 11(3). Special Issue. Julio 2013. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2013.11.039
Raza, A., & Rehman, Z. (2012). Impact of relationship marketing tactics on relationship quality and customer loyalty: A case study of telecom sector of Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 6(14), 5085-5092. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.3022
Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63(3), 397–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x
Ryan, C., & Cave, J. (2005). Structuring Destination Image: A Qualitative Approach. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505278991
Shiffman, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (2006). Consumer Behavior. London: Prentice Hall Publication. https://books.mec.biz/tmp/books/NXHQRTHBQ2L87NIU6YVN.pdf
Shiri, A., Dehghani Soltani, M., Soltani Benavendi, A., & Farsizadeh, H. (2014). The effect of emotional labor on customer satisfaction in the hotel industry: the mediating role of employee satisfaction. Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 10(31), 19-39. https://tms.atu.ac.ir/article_3894.html [In Persian]
Silvestri, C., & Aquilani, B., & Ruggieri, A. (2017). Service quality and customer satisfaction in thermal tourism. The TQM Journal, 29(1), 55-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/TQM-06-2015-0089
Soderlund, M., & Rosengren, S. (2011). The happy versus unhappy service worker in the service encounter: assessing the impact on customer satisfaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Service, 17(2), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2010.01.001
Song, H., Veen, R., Li, G., & Chen, J. L. (2012). The Hong Kong Tourist Satisfaction Index. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.06.001
Stepchenkova, S., & Mills, E. J. (2010). Destination Image: A Meta-Analysis of 2000–2007 Research. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 19(6), 575-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2010.493071
Tasci, A. D., & Gartner, W. C. (2007). Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of Travel Research, 45(4), 413-425. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299569
Telisman-Kosuta, N. (1989). Tourist Destination Image. Tourism Marketing and Management Handbook. Second edition. Stephen F. Witt and Luiz Moutinho, eds. Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd., Campus 400, Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire HP2 7EZ, U.K. 1994. 617p. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759403300291
Walmsley, D. J., & Young, M. (1998). Evaluative Images and Tourism: The Use of Personal Constructs to Describe the Structure of Destination Images. Journal of Travel Research, 36(3), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803600307
Chiu, W., Zeng, S., & Cheng, P. S. T. (2016). The influence of destination image and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty: a case study of Chinese tourists in Korea. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(2), 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2015-0080
Wong, J., & Law, R. (2003). Difference in shopping satisfaction levels: A study of tourists in Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 24(4), 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00114-0
Woodside, A. G., & Lysonski, S. (1989). A General Model of Travellers Destination Choice. Journal of Travel Research, 27(4), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758902700402
Yuksel, A. (2001). Managing customer satisfaction and retention: A case of tourist destinations, Turkey. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(2), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670100700205
Zanganeh, Y., & Shamsullahzadeh, Y. (2011). Investigating and analyzing the role of destination image in the development of tourism industry (case study: Tabriz metropolis). Scientific-Research Journal of Geography and Planning, 16(41), 153-168. https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20140602135816-9918-41.pdf [In Persian]
Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty A meta-analysis. Tourism management, 40(0), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.006